step 1.dos Semantic Interactions
Shortly after sensory faculties is actually recognized (and and in case they truly are identified that have a good amount of confidence), the kind of relationships one to can be found between them needs to be built. The most famous category regarding semantic affairs is offered about tradition away from historic semantics, which is, the brand new code accustomed describe synchronic connections ranging from phrase significance was simply the same as the words familiar with determine diachronic changes out-of definition. About easiest circumstances, if the experience an effective was synchronically regarding sense b by metonymy, upcoming something out of metonymy enjoys acted diachronically to give sense a towards experience b: diachronic systems of semasiological alter reappear synchronically due to the fact semantic relationships certainly phrase definitions.
The fresh new desktop computer while the kept affairs, or the mouse and the tip, features a love out-of genuine-globe connectedness that is always grabbed because of the thought of ‘contiguity
This new five very first designs is specialty, generalization, metaphor, and you can metonymy (demonstrated here, away from an excellent diachronic position, as the mechanisms in lieu of synchronic affairs). Regarding semantic specialization, new definition was a regulation of one’s dated meaning: the newest definition try a great subcase of dated. Classical types of specialty is corn (to start with a cover-identity for everybody kinds of grains, today certified in order to ‘wheat’ inside the England, to help you ‘oats’ from inside the Scotland, and to ‘maize’ in the usa), starve (swinging regarding ‘to help you die’ in order to ‘in order to die from hunger’), and queen (to start with ‘partner, girl,’ today limited by ‘king’s girlfriend, or people sovereign’). Types of generalization was moonlight (primarily the latest earth’s satellite, but expanded to any earth’s satellite), and you may French arriver (and that in the first place suggested ‘to arrive the newest river’s shore, in order to embank,’ but and this today signifies ‘to arrive good destination’ generally). There is lots of terminological version about the specialization and you can generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you may ‘narrowing’ out of meaning equivalent ‘expertise,’ if you are ‘expansion,’ ‘schematization,’ and you may ‘broadening’ out-of definition equal ‘generalization.’ Plus, the fresh significance with it can be said to amuse interactions out-of taxonomical subordination otherwise superordination: inside the good taxonomy (a tree-instance hierarchical group) away from principles, the brand new authoritative definition is using regarding the first you to, whereas new generalized meaning was superordinate with regard to the first.
Eg specialty and you can generalization, it is convenient and you may standard to introduce metaphor and you may metonymy together, as the relationship is not as close as with the newest previous couples. (Regarding metaphor and you may metonymy uses from inside the section 1.six, “Conceptual Metaphor and you may Metonymy.”) Metaphor will then be said to be according to a romance out of similarity involving the old and the the fresh new studying, and you will metonymy to your a relationship out-of contiguity. Latest pc conditions efficiency types of both designs. The fresh new desktop computer of one’s computer screen, by way of example, is not necessarily the same as the newest desktop computer of office table-apart from in the two cases, it is the space (a literal area in one single situation, an online one out of additional) in which you reputation enough products which your continuously play with otherwise you to urgently need desire. The system desktop, in other words, is not virtually a desktop computer on amazing feel, however it has a working resemblance towards the brand new: the computer studying are an effective metaphorical extension of totally new place of work furniture understanding. Functional similarities in addition to underlie metaphorical terms for example save, clipboard, file, folder, slashed, and you can insert. Mouse, simultaneously, is also metaphorically inspired, however, here, brand new metaphorical similarity relates to profile instead of function. The good news is thought an announcement towards the perception that your particular desktop computer helps to keep you active for another 2 weeks, or tastebuds bezplatná aplikace you inquire out loud where the mouse went when you are seeking to to get brand new pointer to the display. In such instances, desktop and you can mouse can be used metonymically. In the former case, it’s not the brand new digital space as a result which is relevant, nevertheless the products which try held indeed there. Throughout the second situation, it is really not this new mouse as such (the matter that you hold in your give) which you consider, nevertheless tip for the monitor which is operate from the mouse. ‘ When, as an instance, you to definitely products an entire package, that isn’t the fresh bottles but merely their information which can be consumed: bottle are often used to make reference to a specific brand of basket, and (spatially contiguous) belongings in one to basket. Whenever lexical semanticians claim that metonymical alter are based on contiguity, contiguity really should not be understood in a slim sense since it comes in order to spatial proximity merely, but more broadly once the a standard identity a variety of relationships during the the brand new spatial, temporary, otherwise causal website name.